Now Boarding: Illegal Immigrants On One-Way Tickets Home
Daily News Article — Posted on October 17, 2008
(by Miriam Jordan, WSJ.com) KANSAS CITY, Mo. — While U.S. airlines downsize and scrimp on amenities, one carrier is offering its passengers leather seats, ample legroom and free food. But frequent fliers probably don’t want a ticket on what may be the fastest growing “airline” serving Central America.
This carrier is run by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement [ICE], the federal agency responsible for finding and deporting undocumented immigrants. A crackdown on illegal immigration has led to a spike in deportations and the creation of a de facto airline to send the deportees home.
The air service, called Repatriate by air-traffic controllers, is known simply as ICE Air to agency employees. Its planes have headrests emblazoned with ICE’s name and seal. In-flight service is polite.
“For a lot of these immigrants, it has been a long journey to the U.S.,” said Michael J. Pitts, chief of flight operations for deportations and removals at ICE. “This is going to be the last impression they have of the United States. We want to provide good service.”
Mr. Pitts, a former military pilot, said ICE Air operates much like a commercial carrier, flying passengers to hub cities where they connect to international flights. But those hub cities — such as Mesa, Ariz., and Alexandria, La., which are close to illegal-immigrant detention sites — are relatively obscure. And the final destinations are primarily in Latin America, including up to three flights daily to Guatemala City and two to Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Mr. Pitts also recently launched service to the Philippines, Indonesia and Cambodia.
In all, the U.S. government deports people to more than 190 countries. Outside of Mexico, ICE flew home 76,102 illegal immigrants in the fiscal year that ended Sept. 30, up from 72,187 last year and 50,222 two years ago.
ICE Air’s patrons are what the airline industry calls “non-revenue passengers,” since Washington foots the bill at $620 a person on average for the one-way flight home. The agency now flies 10 aircraft, twice as many as last year, including leased and government jets.
From Kansas City, Mr. Pitts’ team coordinates with 24 ICE field offices and monitors all flights. On a recent morning, staffers tracked seven ICE Air flights to Central America on an electronic wall map. Three schedulers worked the phones and emailed frantically to place immigrants on future flights.
“We have 30 El Salvadoran aliens ready to be removed,” an official at an Arizona detention facility said by phone. Patty Ridley checked her roster and confirmed the seats on a flight scheduled to leave Mesa, Ariz., for San Salvador two weeks later. Another scheduler, Dawnesa Williams, who previously worked as a corporate travel agent, coordinated the journey of an illegal immigrant from Bakersfield, Calif.
Like mainstream carriers, ICE knows it gets more bang for the buck if it can fill every seat, so it doesn’t schedule any flight until it has a critical mass of deportees. “We are making a valiant attempt to overbook,” said Mr. Pitts. Sometimes passengers get bumped, he said, “to make room for priority cases.” Those might be convicted criminals who are wanted by their country or individuals eager to get home due to a family emergency.
Laredo to Guatemala City
Before dawn on a recent day, supervisor Rosemarie Williams gathered 13 crew members — unarmed contract security personnel who double as flight attendants — at a civilian airstrip to brief them on “RPN 742,” scheduled to depart at 9 a.m. from Laredo, Texas, to Guatemala City. Of 128 deportees on the flight, six were female and three were in handcuffs.
The swanky Boeing 737-800, leased from Miami Air International, had 172 brown leather seats and a single-class configuration. Co-pilot Thomas Hall volunteered that the company is used to flying heavyweights, like former President Bill Clinton and President George W. Bush when they were campaigning. Miami Air wouldn’t discuss its specific clients, but its Web site touts “incomparable service” for corporations, sports teams and political candidates who “trust us to get them where they need to go, when they need to be there.”
“This is one of our newest planes,” said Mr. Hall.
At 8 a.m. two buses and two vans packed with immigrants pulled up alongside the plane. ICE agent Roland Pastramo boarded each vehicle, clutching a clipboard with passenger names. “Good morning,” he said loudly in Spanish, and the deportees returned the greeting. “Your flying time to Guatemala City will be 2.5 hours….Watch your step. Good luck.”
Each passenger is entitled to 40 pounds of luggage, which is carefully labeled. The tag on a big, black duffel bag loaded onto the flight to Guatemala listed the following contents: microwave, toys, VCR and an electric saw. “We don’t charge them for bringing more because many passengers have only a couple of pounds to their name,” said Pat Reilly, an ICE spokeswoman. Most people trying to sneak into the U.S. carry only a backpack.
While security agents loaded the plane with the immigrants’ belongings, others frisked the passengers, who descended, one by one, from the bus with their hands behind their head. After a body pat, the agents inspected the passengers’ shoes, checked their mouths, released their arms and sent them on to the plane.
It was the maiden flight for many of the deportees. Safety procedures appeared on a video in Spanish; there was no movie.
Security agent Victoria Taylor, who is learning Spanish, encouraged passengers to lean their seats back “for more comfort.” A flight nurse (there is always one on board) distributed medication to those who required it, in accordance with directives from detention centers.
Box Lunches
Halfway through the flight, security agents handed out box lunches: a bologna sandwich, potato chips, orange juice and a bag of carrots. When asked about the food quality, passenger Veronica Garcia grimaced and shook her head. Another passenger, Judy Novoa, nibbled at the edges of the sandwich and decided, “It’s OK.”
The passengers, who sat quietly or napped, said they had come to the U.S. hoping to work in Maryland, Massachusetts and Mississippi, among other places.
FOR A MAP OF THE FLIGHT PATTERNS FOR THE ICE FLIGHTS, GO TO WSJ.COM and scroll down to this section of the article.
Ms. Garcia, a repeat customer, said she was just one hour outside Houston when her pickup truck was intercepted. Ms. Novoa, 20 years old, said she was arrested on a train near San Antonio. “I was willing to do any dignified job,” she said, explaining that she had paid $5,000 to be smuggled from Guatemala to the U.S.
A handful of passengers onboard had been arrested as they tried to exit the U.S. on their own volition.
Having built a house in his native village with dollars sent home from Florida over three years, pellet-factory worker Saul Benjamin decided it was time to return to Guatemala. “I wanted to be with my family,” said the father of two.
At the U.S.-Mexico border, he planned to hop on a bus to Guatemala. But he said Mexican immigration authorities demanded a $500 payment in lieu of the required transit pass. He couldn’t afford to pay the bribe, so Mr. Benjamin said the Mexican agents handed him over to U.S. Border Patrol. All told, he said, he got stuck for a month in a detention facility. “If I had deported myself as planned, I would have been home weeks ago,” he said.
Homecomings can still be sweet, despite the circumstances. When the plane touched down in Guatemala, many passengers applauded. Exiting the airplane, some made the sign of the cross or kissed the ground.
A Guatemalan foreign-ministry official declared, “Welcome home,” and informed the arrivals that they had free access to a phone, a money-changing service and vans to the central bus station. “If you used a different name in the U.S., please give us your real name,” the official told the crowd. “There is no problem.”
Write to Miriam Jordan at miriam.jordan@wsj.com